一、  词法

Ø  数量：10大类

Ø  分类依据：形式特征、意义、句法作用 

词类			定义	例词
实词 Notional word	名词	Noun	表示事物名称的词	Market, people, water, information
	代词	Pronoun	代替名词或名词所有格的词	I, me, we, your, hers, all, nothing
	动词	Verb	表示动作或状态的词	Are, do, go, eat
	形容词	Adjective	表示人或事物性质特征的词	Young, fast, excellent
	副词	Adverb	表示动作、状态、性质的程度的词	Very, well, always
	数词	Numeral	表示数目或顺序的词	One, first, thousand
虚词 Empty Word	冠词	Article	名词前，说明名词含义	A, an, the
	介词	Proposition	名词或代词之间，表关系	Of, to, after,
	连词	Conjunction	连接，“关节”之意	And, but, if
	感叹词	Injection	情感态度的词	Oh, ah, well

二、  句法

Ø  分类方法：按成分、按类别

1.  句子成分

成分	充当词		例句
主语 subject—— “谁”“什么” 动作或状态的发出者	名词 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 疑问代词 不定代词 基数词 序数词 形容词 不定式 动名词 从句	Noun Personal pronoun Possessive pronoun Demonstrative pronoun Interrogative pronoun Indefinite pronoun Cardinal numeral Ordinal numeral Adjective Infinitive Gerund clause	The sun gives us light and heat. We love life. Your idea is good, but mine is better. This is my favorite teacher. What is the most important thing in your life? Nobody can stop me studying. Two of you are my best students. The second is my sister. The old should be taken care of in our country. To talk is easier than to do. Helping others can bring us happiness. What you did is better than what you said.
谓语 predicate—— 主语的动作或状态	实意动词 联系动词	Notional verb Linking verb	We plan to review our lessons in three months. We are Chinese.
宾语 object—— 及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容	名词 人称代词 反身代词 指示代词 疑问代词 不定代词 物主代词 相互代词	Noun Personal pronoun Reflexive pronoun Demonstrative pronoun Interrogative pronoun Infinitive pronoun Possessive pronoun Reciprocal pronoun	Nowadays many foreigners are learning Chinese. He fools us all. Believe in yourself. I thank you will like this. Who are you waiting for? They got everything they want. He is an old friends of hers. We should learn to respect each other.
宾语补足语 object complement—— 宾语之后，补充说明	形容词 副词 名词 介词短语 不定式 现在分词 过去分词	Adjective Adverb Noun Prepositional phrase Infinitive Present participle Past participle	That news will make mother happy. Let me show you out. We chose Tom our monitor. Jerry found him in a strange world. Do not force me to do anything I don’t like. Don’t keep me waiting too long. They ran away and left the work unfinished.
表语 predictive—— 说明主语，“补足语”	形容词 副词 指示代词 疑问代词 不定代词 基数词 序数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 从句	Adjective Adverb Demonstrative pronoun Interrogative pronoun Indefinite pronoun Cardinal numeral Ordinal numeral Prepositional phrase Infinitive Gerund Present participle Past participle clause	The mountains are green. Time is up. What I want is this. I wander who you are. It is nothing serious. Two plus two is four. My mother is always the first to get up. The watch is just under the table. My job is to clean the road. His bobby is collecting stamps. The result is disappointing. We are disappointed to the result. That is what IQ means.
定语 attribute—— 修饰名词或代词	名词 形容词 副词 物主代词 指示代词 疑问代词 不定代词 基数词 序数词 介词短语 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 从句	Noun Adjective Adverb Possessive pronoun Demonstrative pronoun Interrogative pronoun Indefinite pronoun Cardinal numeral Ordinal numeral Prepositional phrase Infinitive Gerund Present participle Past participle clause	He works in a car factory. Now the world is just like a small village. The native there are very friendly. Their invention won the world prize. These wild plants are well protected. Which river is the longest in the world? Both his parents are doctors. The organization contains eight countries. He was the fifth player to receive the honor. Many secrets in space remain unknown. So I have nothing to say for myself. I bought a walking stick for my grandfather. Tom got injured by a falling tree. They reached an old house built 200 years ago. Those who drink water will not forget the people who dig the well.
状语 adverbial—— 位置随意，修饰任意 动词、副词、形容词 从句、全句	名词 形容词 副词 不定式 现在分词 过去分词 介词短语 从句 独立主格	Noun Adjective Adverb Infinitive Present participle Past participle Prepositional phrase Clause nominative absolute structure	Li Ming is one year old than I. The travelers came back, safe and sound. The son often write to his parents. Mother went to buy something in the market. He stood up, looking at the boss coldly. Led by the natives, we found the old castle. From the space the astronaut saw a blue globe. Where there is smoke, there is fire. Weather permitting, we will go for a
同位语 appositive—— 前名词、代词的具体内容	名词 代词 数词 从句	Noun Pronoun Numeral clause	Miss Wu, our English teacher, is kind to us. They each have a PC. I have prepared a nice dinner for you two. We’ve got the news that our team won the match.

2.  句子类别

Ø  分类：按使用目的、按结构

（1）   按使用目的：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

类别		例句
陈述句 Declarative sentence	肯定句 Assertive sentence	His name was Pangu. She began searching for that something.
	否定句 Negative sentence	I can not agree with you. It doesn’t matter.
疑问句 Question sentence	一般疑问句 General question	Did Italy win the World Cap? Is that film interesting?
	特殊疑问句 Special question	What is your name? Where can you find the answer、
	选择疑问句 Alternative question	Are you a teacher or a student？ Do you like coffee or tea？
	反义疑问句 Disjunctive question	It is fine day, isn’t it? No one accepted your offer, did they?
祈使句 imperative sentence		Do not take everything for granted! Follow me, please.
感叹句 exclamatory sentence		What a good teacher he is! How good a teacher he is!

(2)按结构：简单句、并列句、复合句

类别			例句
简单句 simple sentence 5种基本类型		S+VI	The sun rises in the east.
		S+VT+O	Many families keep pets.
		S+V+C	China is still a developing country.
		S+VT+O1+O2	He sent me an e-mail yesterday.
		S+VT+O+C	My girl always makes me happy.
并列句 Coordinate sentence		He likes to watch TV but I like to read books. You can do your homework first and then you can play with your friends.
复合句 Complex sentence	名词性从句 Noun clause	主语从句 subject 宾语从句object 表语从句 predicative 同位语从句appositive	What you said is true. You knew that beauty should be natural. That is when I studied. He made a promise that he would come back.
	状语从句 Adverbial clause	时间状语 time 条件状语condition 原因状语 cause 目的状语 purpose 结果状语 result 地点状语 place 让步状语 concession 方式状语 manner 比较状语 comparison	We have finished the work before the came. If it rains, we have to stay at home. She was absent because she was ill. He left home early in order that he could work. Tom was so tired that he fell behind. Lucy found her MP3 where she lost it. Though I am poor, I am happy. Do it as I do. You are stronger than I am.
	定语从句 attributive clause	Do you know the boy who is playing basketball? This is the result that I wanted.